First of All, I should tell that what I am suggesting is without a doubt, a bad programming practice but if you want to use append in lambda function and you don't care about the code readability, there is way to just do that. This method modifies the original list rather than creating a new one. numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) for n in reversed (numbers): print (n) For example, say you have the following list: To change my_list's items to have an order of 50, 40, 30, 20,10, you'd do: You see that the initial order of the list has now changed and the elements inside it have been reversed. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Yes. This special method returns an iterator over the items of the current list in reverse order. After finishing this article, be sure to check out our Built-in Algorithms in Python course, which includes lots of exercises for the functions youll see here. The same reasoning applies to designing your own APIs. let us discuss the below code step-by-step to depict what it means in Python: Creating a list which contains name of cities, Printing the location of the object created in the memory address in hexadecimal format, Printing the elements from the list cities, separated by a comma. The sorting is done in place, so it doesnt create a new list. For example, to reverse the list represented in the diagram, you can loop over the first half of the list If the name for loop confuses you, we recommend checking out our Learn Programming with Python track, which goes over and well beyond all of Pythons basic syntax. You can even write custom sort functions to go with it. however it is possible to specify the increment value by adding a third parameter: range(2, 30, 3): Increment the sequence with 3 (default is 1): Get certifiedby completinga course today! Let's take our very first example, where we used range (5). This is pretty neat, but reversed() is more efficient in terms of execution time and memory usage. Pythons range () function makes it super easy to generate range objects. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. After each iteration of the outer loop, k is decremented. range() and xrange() take a third parameter that specifies a step. Discover how to write custom sort functions in Python, create a custom order in Python, and perform comparisons in Python. If you only include the stop parameter, keep in mind that by default the counting starts at 0 and then the counting ends one number before the one you specified. For example: 1 2 for x in range(3) print(x) It will print from 0-2, the output will look like range() and xrange() take a third parameter that specifies a step. So you can do the following. range(10, 0, -1) WebIf you actually need to construct an output tuple, then you need to compare tuple (reversed (x)) to x [::-1] for performance. The third offset, step, defaults to 1, which is why a normal slicing operation extracts the items from left to right: With [1:5], you get the items from index 1 to index 5 - 1. Not the answer you're looking for? How do I concatenate two lists in Python? here is how you can do that: when lambda wants to calculate to output, first it should calculate the [x.append(my_new_element), x] expression. How to properly visualize the change of variance of a bivariate Gaussian distribution cut sliced along a fixed variable? for x in reversed(whatever): However, that syntax initially didnt work on built-in types, such as lists, tuples, and strings. While the immutable object internal state can not be changed. An important point to note when youre using reversed() is that it doesnt create a copy of the input list, so changes on it affect the resulting iterator: In this example, you call reversed() to get the corresponding iterator over the items in fruits. The intent of returning None is to remind its users that .reverse() operates by side effect, changing the underlying list. Most of the time, youll use it to equip your own classes with reverse iteration capabilities. Get paid on time. Degree in Computer Science and Engineer: App Developer and has multiple Programming languages experience. He's a self-taught Python developer with 6+ years of experience. It also accepts the start, stop, step arguments. It takes three arguments with similar meaning to those used in the slicing operator and returns a slice object representing the set of indices returned by range(start, stop, step). If, however, a method or function creates a new object, then of course it has to return it. Webhow to reverse a string in list by for loop code example. For instance, consider the below code and associated error message with it, while trying to change the value of a Tuple at index 0. In the example below, we jump downwards 10 values with each iteration: As a bonus, heres another way to reverse a range: use the sorted() function with the parameter reverse=True. When and how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out of gas? Although using reversed() is one of the easiest ways to reverse a range in Python, it is far from being the only one. This confirms that we did not create a new object, rather, the same object was changed or mutated. (If you plan to remove multiple elements, strongly consider using a list comprehension (or filter) instead. I really enjoying learning from people who know what they're talking about! Learn how your comment data is processed. [duplicate], The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. The alternative is 'fluent' notation (call chaining) e.g. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Wrap the range () method inside the reversed () method, you can print the Identity This refers to the address that the object refers to in the computers memory. This change affects the iterator. The loop is also efficient in terms of memory usage because reversed() returns an iterator that yields items on demand without storing them all in memory at the same time. So when you wrap the range () function inside the reversed () function than the number of sequence returns in reverse order. However, the same tools and techniques apply to lists of any type of Python objects, such as lists of strings. Print '*' based on j. Not the answer you're looking for? How do I check whether a file exists without exceptions? With a list as an argument, it returns an iterator that yields the input list items in reverse order. How do I merge two dictionaries in a single expression in Python? It works this way on purpose, so that code like x.sort().reverse() breaks. In this short tutorial, we look at how you could use Python to range reverse. For example, provided a number n, range() produces integers from 0 up to n-1. Don't confuse this with the .reverse() method! EDIT: Some suggested I use xrange() instead of range() since range returns a list while xrange In my opinion, this is the most readable: for i in reversed(xrange(101)): So l.reverse() returns nothing (because now the list has been reversed, but the identfier l still points to that list), but reversed(l) has to return the newly generated list because l still points to the old, unmodified list. This question is specifically about Python's design decision to return None from mutating list methods like .append. .reverse -> First, consider whether an actual copy is needed. In this section, youll learn how to reverse Python lists using loops, recursion, and comprehensions. This tool is quite popular in the Python space because it represents the Pythonic way to process lists. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. If you want to create a reversed copy of an existing list in Python, then you can use reversed(). Another technique to create a reversed copy of an existing list is to use slice(). Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. We also have thousands of freeCodeCamp study groups around the world. In other words, it doesnt modify the input list. Then you store the resulting iterator in reversed_digits. The Python code tries to append the empty string b in reverse order by using the length of the main string and the Python range function. Depending on your specific needs, you can use: In the following few sections, youll learn about all these options and how they can help you iterate over lists in reverse order. If you had code calling a method like .append or .sort on a list, you will notice that the return value is None, while the list is modified in place. However, unlike other programming languages, arrays aren't a built-in data structure in Python. An object whose internal state can be changed is mutable. Why would you want to do this way? The simple answer to solve your problem could be like this: for i in range(100): Enumerate and Explain All the Basic Elements of an SQL Query, Need assistance? reversed = '' Python makes it easy to generate a range in reverse by passing a negative value into the step parameter. This way, you create a new list as a reversed copy of the original one. For the simple question of "how do I append to a list?" for i in range(len(text),0,- For example, Value This refers to the value stored by the object. Your email address will not be published. side-effect calls (pstat comes to mind). Work with top startups & companies. Get tips for asking good questions and get answers to common questions in our support portal. To add multiple elements from a list l, use y = x + l rather than .extend. Although using reversed () is one of the easiest ways to reverse a range in Python, it is far from being the only one. For instance, you can also pass a negative step argument into the range () function: See how it works? The range goes from 5 (the start) up to 0 (the stop), but with a step of -1, meaning that the numbers decrease. Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover? like string processing operations: There are a few standard library modules that encourage chaining of There are multiple options available, so choose whichever feels best in your code! Answer: Reverse letters in words and sentence both: In example taking user input, you can use any sentences. WebThe for loop prints the number from 1 to 10 using the range () function here i is a temporary variable that is iterating over numbers from 1 to 10. The example below creates a list of a range of numbers Traversal is the process of iterating across a series. To reverse for loop in Python just need to read the last element first and then the last but one and so on till the element is at index 0. Rename .gz files according to names in separate txt-file. I recommend you check out the. The range function accepts three parameters: start, stop, and step. The reversed() function accepts a list as an argument and returns an iterable, reversed version of the items contained in the list. Many people expect the start value to always be less than the stop. As a function: (We can translate .pop similarly to make a modified copy, though of course .pop actually returns an element from the list.). You can confirm that by calling next() to get the first item in reversed_fruit. We accomplish this by creating thousands of videos, articles, and interactive coding lessons - all freely available to the public. 7 If a method works on the original object and modifies it in-place, it doesn't return anything, because there is no new information - you obviously already have a reference to the (now mutated) object, so why return it again? All of these three solutions give the same results if the input is a string: To reverse a string without using reversed or [::-1], try something like: Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. I love it. Some suggested I use xrange() instead of range() since range returns a list while xrange returns an iterator. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for How do I efficiently iterate over each entry in a Java Map? Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. If you want to report an error, or if you want to make a suggestion, do not hesitate to send us an e-mail: W3Schools is optimized for learning and training. Reverse Iteration using for Loop and reversed () function The for loop iterates through the sequence elements in the order of their occurrence. Up to this point, youve learned how to create reversed lists and also how to reverse existing lists in place, either by using tools specially designed to accomplish that task or by using your own hand-coded solutions. Why do mutating methods for Python's built-in collection types return nothing instead of the collection itself? To provide a step argument, you need to provide the start and stop as well. The step parameter is the number that determines how numbers will be incremented. Sometimes, you may not care about the numbers in the range. See How can I get a reversed copy of a list (avoid a separate statement when chaining a method after .reverse)? Is quantile regression a maximum likelihood method? How did Dominion legally obtain text messages from Fox News hosts? Example 1: python reverse range my_list = [1, 2, 3] my_list. I can think of some ways to do so in python (creating a list of range(1,n+1) and reverse it, using while and --i, ) but I wondered if there's a more elegant way to do it. To my mind, returning a reference allows a different technique ("chaining") without preventing any other technique (sequential modifications), so it would only be "worse" if chaining itself is "bad". Why do these list methods (append, sort, extend, remove, clear, reverse) return None rather than the resulting list? How did Dominion legally obtain text messages from Fox News hosts? So these are points to consider in your code. This creates a loop that can become infinite if you dont provide a base case that produces a result without calling the function again. What are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time jump? Python Looping Through a Range. Python Glossary. The range() Function. To loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we can use the range()function, The range()function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number. Example. assert that chaining is, indeed, bad. 4 Python code: def PalindromeComparator(original): for i Using custom function is more readable and the better option: Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? If you dont provide values to start and stop, then they are set to 0 and to the length of the target sequence, respectively. AllPython Examplesare inPython3, so Maybe its different from python 2 or upgraded versions. This appending list but error 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'append'. This way also naturally gives a modified copy.). Let's try! reversed should be best as it returns an iterator, so it doesn't copy the list, just yields one element at a time. You cant use range(), so you decide to create your own class to approach this specific use case. It might be a bit tricky to wrap your head around the negative step at first. [::-1], reversed, list.reverse() or maybe some other way? rev2023.3.1.43269. All of these three solutions give the same results if the input is a string: 1. def reverse(text): The team members who worked on this tutorial are: Master Real-World Python Skills With Unlimited Access to RealPython. For example, say you need to iterate over a list of numbers in reverse order and replace every number with its square value. How to Write Custom Sort Functions in Python. The reversed () function returns the reversed iteration of the sequence provided as input. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. For this, we use the reversed() function in Python. PHP, Scala, R tidyverse, also sometimes implemented in JS, Java, C++. How do I split the definition of a long string over multiple lines? As a result, numbers ends up containing square values in reverse order. return reversed See also A quick way to return list without a specific element in Python. See the other answers to understand why the Python developers wanted it that way. How do I reverse a list or loop over it backwards? Our mission: to help people learn to code for free. Sometimes we have to iterate through the elements in the reverse order. reverse () method reverse () is a list data type method that reverses the elements of the list in-place. However, you need to explicitly declare the reversed output as a list. If thats your case, then you have several options. we should demonstrate more about this topic to understand the root of this issue. As we know list in python is a mutable object and one of characteristics of mutable object is the ability to modify the state of this object without the need to assign its new state to a variable. If you use a different step, then the slicing jumps as many items as the value of step: In the first example, [0::2] extracts all items from index 0 to the end of digits, jumping over two items each time. This of course is even more true if you don't actually loop over the whole list, and it stops being true if you use the list more than once. WebIn Python, the for loop is often used to iterate over iterable objects such as lists, tuples, or strings. Heres how you can use slice() to create a reversed copy of an existing list: The slice object extracts all the items from digits, starting from the right end back to the left end, and returns a reversed copy of the target list. Why is there a memory leak in this C++ program and how to solve it, given the constraints? Join us and get access to thousands of tutorials, hands-on video courses, and a community of expertPythonistas: Master Real-World Python SkillsWith Unlimited Access to RealPython. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Additionally, you can also pass an incrementer, the default is set to 1. Here, youll learn about a few Python tools and techniques that are handy when it comes to reversing lists or manipulating them in reverse order. Note: IDE:PyCharm2021.3.3 (Community Edition). Go through Python lists, tuples, and sets to explore the similarities and differences of these data structures. Heres how it looks: As you can see, the elements in my_list were printed in reverse order. Thats because Python needs to move all the items one step back to insert the new item at the first position. A range object doesnt actually show its elements to you until you explicitly request them. Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. Not the answer you're looking for? The rest of the magic in this example comes from using a value of -1 for step. This knowledge will complement and improve your list-related skills and make you more proficient with them. But since were dealing with negative steps, we want to start at a number thats greater than the value where we will stop. Out of the three parameters, only stop is required and the rest are optional. Does Cosmic Background radiation transmit heat? An array in programming is an ordered collection of items, all of which are of the same data type. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. To use FloatRange, you can do something like this: The class supports normal iteration, which, as mentioned, is provided by .__iter__(). How to extract the coefficients from a long exponential expression? Result: 10 So you can do the following. Indexing in Python starts from 0, so the first element has an index of 0, the second element has an index of 1, and so on. However, if you ever need to reverse lists by hand, then itd be beneficial for you to understand the logic behind the process. Additionally, you WebReverse range in Python We can generate a range of sequence numbers in descending order by using the range () function in these two ways. ( list.reverse () also will not copy the list, but it will mutate it, It returns an iterator. Why does append() always return None in Python? There are multiple use cases for Python range reverse and hence it is important that you know how this can be achieved. If you set the reverse keyword argument to True, then you get the list sorted in descending or reverse order: Now your list is fully sorted and also in reverse order. To reverse for loop in Python just need to read the last element first and then the last but one and so on till the element is at index 0. Now, how can you reverse a list in place by hand? Up to this point, youve learned a lot about reversing lists using different tools and techniques. Here, we show you the basics of Python NumPy. for i in range(len(text)-1, -1, -1): learn more about lists and tuples in this article, Python Data Structures in Practice course. Retrieve the current price of a ERC20 token from uniswap v2 router using web3js. The built-in reversed() function reverses the order of a list and lets you access each individual item one at a time. a little too late to answer but, I didn't see the easiest solution here so here it is. @ParthikB wouldn't the reverse in the end create extra space? A range object in Python is a sequence of numbers you can use with a for loop to repeat a set of instructions a specific number of times. The newly created list is reassigned to result. Example 1: Python reverse list using for loop and range () Now you can try to iterate in reverse order using reversed(): In this example, reversed() relies on your .__reversed__() implementation to provide the reverse iteration functionality. Theoretically Correct vs Practical Notation. For example, you can use .pop() and .insert() like this: In the loop, you call .pop() on the original list without arguments. In this tutorial, you'll learn some of the different ways you can reverse lists and list ranges in Python. 5 Let's consider .sort first. Rename .gz files according to names in separate txt-file. I only really started using IDEs after type hints were popular, so I never put that to the test. First, think carefully about the intent of the code. Iterating by index is far more flexible. It returns result of obj.__reversed__ method. This is obviously a mindset that I need to aim to cultivate, because my initial reaction to "so why return it again?" i think you should use range(10, -1, -1) instead of range(10, 0, -1). 9 In your class, .__iter__() provides support for normal iteration and .__reversed__() supports reverse iteration. step by step. Drop us a line at contact@learnpython.com. But wait, where are the numbers? The function does its job as expected, and you get a reversed version of the input data. Why is "1000000000000000 in range(1000000000000001)" so fast in Python 3? We can apply it in a straightforward manner by setting the start and the end parameters so that end < start and theres a negative step value. Python 2.4 added reversed(), a universal tool to facilitate reverse iteration over sequences, as stated in PEP 322. Then you can switch the element at index 1 with its mirror at index -2 and so on until you get the list reversed. How to implement pre and post increment in Python lists? The One could argue that the signature itself makes it clear that the function mutates the list rather than returning a new one: if the function returned a list, its behavior would have been much less obvious. 6 for x in range (z): For example. While using W3Schools, you agree to have read and accepted our. The numbers in the list are specified based on the argument passed. Leave a comment below and let us know. The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number. Heres how you can use [::-1] to iterate through a copy of an existing list in reverse order: When you slice a list like in this example, you create a reversed copy of the original list. looks like you are creating a new reversed array - i may be wrong? To calculate this expression the append function will run and the result of expression will be [None, x] and by specifying that you want the second element of the list the result of [None,x][1] will be x. Returning None is to remind its users that.reverse ( ), a method after ). Paste this URL into your RSS reader using different tools and techniques to. Sort functions in Python of experience the default is set to 1 using different tools and techniques outer,... Back them up with references or personal experience list methods like.append printed in reverse order the order! And sets to explore python reverse for loop range similarities and differences of these data structures if,,... Its mirror at index 1 with its square value to consider in your class,.__iter__ ).: for example, say you need to provide the start and stop as well to read! Produces integers from 0 up to n-1 discover how to solve it, given the?... Specific element in Python time jump the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover super easy generate. Languages, arrays are n't a built-in data structure in Python show its elements to you until get. Say you need to explicitly declare the reversed output as a list l, use y x. Get tips for asking good questions and get answers to understand the root of this.. First, consider whether an actual copy is needed python reverse for loop range did not create a reversed. Copy of a ERC20 token from uniswap v2 router using web3js mutating list methods.append... Naturally gives a modified copy. ) a negative value into the range function three... On purpose, so I never put that to the test the below! Same tools and techniques apply to lists of strings you know how this can be achieved C++ and! Write custom sort functions to go with it instead of the different ways you can reverse lists and list in. Create your own classes with reverse iteration capabilities the order of their occurrence use case, think carefully the! Multiple programming languages experience, also sometimes implemented in JS, Java, C++ also pass negative. Practice/Competitive programming/company interview questions after.reverse ) webin Python, and sets to explore the similarities and differences these... Youve learned a lot about reversing lists using loops, recursion, and comprehensions my_list = [,... To explore the similarities and differences of these data structures list by for loop example! Lists and list ranges in Python, then you can see, the for iterates! Support portal nothing instead of range ( 5 ) wrap your head around the technologies you use most call )... You get the first item in reversed_fruit the reverse order thousands of python reverse for loop range. This knowledge will complement and improve your list-related skills and make you proficient., youve learned a lot about reversing lists using different tools and.... String over multiple lines a file exists without exceptions an iterator that yields the input list items reverse! Many people expect the start and stop as well array in programming is an ordered collection items... Negative step at first, youll learn how to extract the coefficients from a list mission: help! Python reverse range my_list = [ 1, 2, 3 ] my_list the start and stop well. Next ( ) function makes it easy to search additionally, you can also an..__Iter__ ( ) breaks the following like x.sort ( ) is more efficient in terms of execution and... Original list rather than creating a new one Examplesare inPython3, so that code like x.sort ( ).! Method modifies the original list rather than.extend the element at index 1 its! Sorting is done in place by hand to insert the new item at the first item in reversed_fruit mutating for. Not be changed is mutable tricky to wrap your head around the negative step argument, it returns an.., say you need to provide a base case that produces a result, ends! How you could use Python to range reverse he 's a self-taught Developer! Feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader user input, can. This point, youve learned a lot about reversing lists using different tools and techniques I never that. Up containing square values in reverse order as cover sometimes we have to iterate through the in. Value to always be less than the stop list data type method that the... Thought and well explained Computer Science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview questions you 'll some... List items in reverse order and replace every number with its square value learn how to reverse a string list! Weapon spell be used as cover to understand the root of this issue using loops,,. Example below creates a list l, use y = x + l than! Can not be changed is mutable could use Python to range reverse for iteration! And memory usage the coefficients from a list and lets you access each individual item one a! Distribution cut sliced along a fixed variable you are creating a new list as a result calling! List but error 'NoneType ' object has no attribute 'append ' ) operates by effect! Let 's take our very first example, provided a number thats greater the... As you can use any sentences Python reverse range my_list = [ 1,,! Class,.__iter__ ( ) is more efficient in terms of execution time and memory usage you most! Your RSS reader IDE: PyCharm2021.3.3 ( community Edition ), it returns iterator. Change of variance of a bivariate Gaussian distribution cut sliced along a variable! We did not create a new list 2.4 added reversed ( ) supports reverse iteration using for code... Over each entry in a single python reverse for loop range in Python single expression in Python lists different. Function reverses the order of their occurrence suggested I use xrange ( ), Maybe. Personal experience also will not copy the list, but reversed ( ) function makes it easy... Stated in PEP 322 inbox every couple of days is an ordered collection of items, all of are. Iterate over iterable objects such as lists, tuples, or strings: as you can write... But since were dealing with negative steps, python reverse for loop range want to start at a time ( 10 -1! Only stop is required and the rest of the collection itself this is! When and how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out the. News hosts are made out of gas item at the first position to start a! However, the for loop and reversed ( ) instead of range ( ) function than the where! ( avoid a separate statement when chaining a method or function creates a new as... Calling the function does its job as expected, and comprehensions head around the technologies use. You access each individual item one at a number thats greater than the stop a result, ends... Value into the step parameter ) e.g by calling next ( ) supports reverse iteration using for loop through. To start at a number n, range ( 5 ) provide a base case that produces result. One step back to insert the new item at the first item in.. Say you need to iterate through the elements of the list reversed pass. Reversed output as a result without calling the function does its job as expected, perform... Each entry in a Java Map Python developers wanted it that way copy is needed it that! From 0 up to n-1 2, 3 ] my_list of strings the current price of a bivariate Gaussian cut. To a list while xrange returns an iterator made out of gas ) provides support for normal iteration and (! Slice ( ) is a list data type method that reverses the elements in order... Start at a number n, range ( ) function: see how I! Other programming languages, arrays are n't a built-in data structure in Python through the sequence elements in were... Also sometimes implemented in JS, Java, C++ knowledge within a single expression in Python then... Php, Scala, R tidyverse, also sometimes implemented in JS, Java,.. Dealing with negative steps, we use the reversed ( ) also will not the. L, use y = x + l rather than creating a new list as a result, ends... Can see, the elements in the order of a bivariate Gaussian distribution cut sliced along a variable... It doesnt create a new list, youll learn how to extract the coefficients from list! To iterate over a list comprehension ( or filter ) instead of range ( ) function inside the reversed )! A bit tricky to wrap your head around the world python reverse for loop range policy same reasoning applies to your! Output as a list of a range of numbers in the python reverse for loop range function accepts parameters. And well explained Computer Science and programming articles, and sets to explore the similarities and of. The numbers in the order of a list comprehension python reverse for loop range or filter ) instead more about this topic understand. The range ( 10, 0, -1 ) instead of the different ways you can also an., where we used range ( 10, -1, -1 ) of returning is! Of which are of the collection itself change of variance of a ERC20 token from v2. To have read and accepted our to subscribe to this point, youve learned a lot reversing... Maybe its different from Python 2 or upgraded versions use any sentences popular python reverse for loop range so that code like (. And easy to search to always be less than the value where we used range ( function! Changed or mutated by creating thousands of freeCodeCamp study groups around the technologies you use most as in!
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python reverse for loop range