68. It has, however, been utilized with a great success in sleep studies. In cats, during movements related to dreams such hyperpolarization is reinforced by presynaptic inhibition of afferents to motoneurons. Peyrethon J, Dusan-Peyrethon D. tude polygraphique du cycle veille-sommeil chez trois genres de rptiles. WebPhysiological function Theory regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways. WebAbstract. Steriade M, McCarley RW. Timo-Iaria C, Negro N, Schmidek WR, Rocha TL, Hoshino K. Phases and states of sleep in the rat. As stated above, any behavior is expressed as a combination of motor components and vegetative components. Web5 Theories on dreaming . Heart rate decreases down to nearly 150 bpm 1 or 2 seconds following the cessation of eye movements. Inasmuch as all this relevant knowledge is entirely ignored, we hope the present review may help in rescuing it (4). If this hypothesis is correct, it is no surprise that the phases of wakefulness and sleep are expressed in the cerebellar cortex by means of electrophysiological potentials. De Sanctis, whose main research on sleep was the incorporation of sensory stimulation into dreams, states in his book that "by measuring the pulse and observing the movements in humans and other animals during sleep it is possible to detect the occurrence of dreaming and sometimes even to guess the dream content". J Sleep Res 1993;2:63-9. Nature, 2002, submitted. Timo-Iaria C, yamashita R, Hoshino K, Sousa-Melo A. Moruzzi G. Active processes in the brain stem during sleep. 135. 21. Spreng LF, Johnson LC, Lubin A. Autonomic correlates of eye movement bursts during state REM sleep. In 1999, Ribeiro et al., assaying zif-268 expression in control rats and in rats subjected to a rich environment training, found that in control animals this gene protein generally decreased, mainly in the cerebral cortex, from wakefulness to synchronized sleep and from synchronized to desynchronized sleep (109). Interestingly, bilateral ablation of the frontal lobes in cats leads to deep changes of the PGO potentials in the VI cranial nerves and in the mobilization of the lateral rectus muscles during desynchronized sleep (71). eCollection 2017. 100. 85. This may be related to the presence of pet animals in most families in the Western countries and consequently this "subject" probably becomes the main thought of children. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1989;86:8737-41. Perachio AA. Longitudinal studies. Researchers working on dream usually do not believe that dreaming may occur in non-human animals, probably due to religious and philosophical reasons but also to a great mistake, i.e., that dreaming is a high level mental activity, such as doing mathematics, but it is not. Ribeiro S, Goyal V, Mello CV, Pavlides C. Brain gene expression during REM sleep depends on prior waking experience. Maquet P, Peters JM, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, et al. 126. 62. Epub 2010 Nov 12. For the first time, direct and systematic investigation could be made of such topics as the occurrence, qualities, recollection, and childhood development of dreaming. Differentiating Oneiric Stupor in Agrypnia Excitata From Dreaming Disorders. Cognitive and emotional processes during dreaming: a neuroimaging view. (1999) (126,127,129,130). It is most likely an elementary brain activity in homeotherms and thus, if dreaming has a function, it probably plays a similar role in the human brain and in nonhuman brains as well. 2020 Nov 12;11:565694. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.565694. J Neurosci 1991;11:2804-11. There is experimental evidence that eye movements are generated near the nucleus of the abducent nerve but Pompeiano (1967) does not agree with this view (10,41). Hansotia P, Broste S, Ruggles K, Wall R, Friske M. Eye movement patterns in REM sleep. For instance, zif-268 has been shown to induce the expression of a synapse-specific protein, synapsin II (101), and has been linked to the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (102,103) and other plasticity phenomena. J Neurophysiol 1938;1:413-30. In decerebrate cats eye movements do occur and are integrated below the midbrain (67,95). 56. The hyperventilation that results from hypoxia is diminished during desynchronized sleep (65) but there are no reports regarding changes in blood oxygenation while dreaming activity is occurring. 31. 8600 Rockville Pike Those that are specific to certain behaviors. At 36C, for instance, desynchronized sleep spans to about 10% of time, at 23C it occupies nearly 80% of the time, what has not been explained so far. Foulkes D. Children's dreams. Roldan E, Weiss TT. If the animal is trying to identify the source of an odor that is located at a large distance, snout movements are expected to span wide angles at low frequencies, whereas when the source is near such movements are expected to span narrow angles, at high frequencies, just as during wakefulness. Baldissera F, Broggi G. An analysis of potential changes in the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep. This theory is supported by the fact that the body has decreased metabolism by up to 10% during sleep. WebThe language of dreaming shows that certain parts of the brain are active during dreams while others are inactive. Gardner Jr R, Grossman WI, Roffwarg HP, Weiner H. The relationship of small limb movements during REM sleep to dreamed limb action. Analysis of psychological theories concerning functions of dreams. The earliest theory to emerge, Freuds psychoanalytic theory, takes an observational approach to identifying the function that dreams serve. Freud theorized that dreams are the result of unfulfilled wishes or desires in the subjects life. In 1986 Vertes advanced the hypothesis that random endogenous activation of the brain stem (dreaming?) 76. 92. 43. Miyauchi et al. 120. The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. 16. One is that dreams are generated by the activation of neural activity in the brainstem and its signal transmission to the cortex. The Psychology of Dreaming. Essential manifestations of dreaming are the conscious experience, the electrophysiological, the motor and the vegetative expression of oniric behaviors in humans as well as in other animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London edition 1985. 121. to the nervous tissue and muscles during the activation of the circuits that program and execute a particular behavior; and 2. Calkins thus discovered that most dreams occur during the second half of the night and that around 89% of them are closely related to the events occurring the day before, confirming Aristotle. By visually examining the amplitude of theta waves in these examples it seems they vary at random but when the instant variation of voltage is plotted as a function of time, a regular variation appears during the phasic movements (figure 10). As shown in figure 2, information released (by some passive mechanism) or revoked from memory (through some active but entirely unknown mechanism) is combined by processes that may be equivalent to, but different from, those that produce thoughts during wakefulness (21). Despite such facts, some physiologists do not agree that heart rate and blood pressure decrease during desynchronized sleep. However, human oniric behaviors are also expressed as lips, tongue and facial movements, as well as fingers, toes and whole limbs jerks, as described above. Before Behav Brain Res 1995;69:203-6. The command character of theta waves is probably the reason why such potentials occur almost simultaneously in different brain structures. (1997), in their PET studies, found a significant deactivation, in desynchronized sleep, of a large portion of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, what was found also by Madsen et al. 70. Some authors have not been able to find changes in heart rate and respiration during desynchronized sleep (61) but there are striking demonstrations that blood pressure is reduced (figure 6), attaining values as low as 60 mmHg of systolic pressure; heart rate is also reduced and ventilation decreases (38,62). Harvey Lect 1963;58:233-97. However, during desynchronized sleep it was drastically reduced, being entirely inhibited for most of the time. Considering that most dreams in rats (31,32) are related to olfaction, not to vision, potentials that resemble PGOs in the amygdala of this animal species should also be taken as signs of dreaming rather than PGOs. Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R. Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. Deprivation of desynchronized sleep during early development not only retards brain maturation but also inhibits the growth response to the brain environmental stimulation later in life (113). In 1867, Michelson, a physiologist who was a relative to Kohlschtter, replicated his study and obtained the curve shown in figure 1 (4,8). Kluger J. Motoneuron inhibition is mild in the early post-birth days and increases according to a saturation curve (60). Sleep 1999;22:409-18. The .gov means its official. Pompeiano and his group produced important knowledge in this field (41,42), showing that the muscle contractions that produce the motor component of oniric behaviors, such as eye and limb movements, need that the pontine gigantocellularis nucleus be intact and activated. WebWhen a person entered rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, it activates circuits within the brain stem. 113. Eye movements during dreaming are usually expressed as potentials of different voltages, which can be interpreted as due to distinct movements performed as a function of the movements of the dreamed of objects. Vertes RP. This is specially true as to bees, that at night do interrupt their hum, "even if they are exposed to the light of a lantern". General Learning Press, 1970. Fos-like immunoreactivity was also found in association with cholinergically induced REM sleep (107,108). In humans, equivalent potentials can be recorded from the occipital cortex. Editor-translator: Gallop, D., Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991. 25. Would you like email updates of new search results? 127. Such a finding is incompatible with the current function attributed to the cerebellum, i.e., only correction of movements. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:20-1. National Library of Medicine However, considering the high prevalence of dreams during this phase it should be more appropriately named oniric phase of sleep. The authors suggest that structures rostral to the midbrain are essential for the maintenance and integrity of the erection that occurs during desynchronized sleep. 104. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1959;153:1024-8. When any part of the brain programs a behavior it sends the program to the cerebellum. The form and content of dreams is not random but organized and selective: during dreaming, the brain constructs a complex model of the world in which certain types of elements, when compared to waking life, are Kahn D, Pace-Schott EF, Hobson JA. Jouvet M. Programmation gntique itrative et sommeil paradoxal. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 118. 11. Advances in Sleep Research, vol. 42. Neurons from the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis send fibers to nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla, a part of which passes through the dorsal tegmental field of the pons, and electrical stimulation of both nuclei also produces inhibition of muscle tone (53,54). However, we all know that many dreams are not emotional at all. According to this author, in children at the age of two, when the hippocampus, which is still in the process of development at birth, becomes functional, REM sleep takes on its interpretive memory function (134). 73. Mirmiran M, Van den Dungen H, Uylings HBM. Despite the fact that many studies have found that mental activity during wakefulness differs from that during dreaming, the mechanisms involved in both may differ as to the degree of control over the release and combination of memorized information in wakefulness and in desynchronized sleep. 129. Jouvet and colleagues (1959) soon identified the same phase in cats, naming it paradoxical sleep, inasmuch as the electrophysiological main pattern of this phase in humans resembles that of attentive wakefulness (15). Oswald I. Foulkes (1982) considered that dreams are so easily forgotten because the brain in desynchronized sleep is in a "reflective state". Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1987;66:383-90. Krueger JM, Obl F. A neuronal group theory of sleep function. In: Baust, W. 52. Mirmiran M, Van Someren E. The importance of REM sleep for brain maturation. Erlbaum 1992. The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them mistically. As any information consciously identified, a dream triggers a specific behavior, that we call an oniric behavior. As mentioned above, Plato, preceding by twenty four centuries one of the dogmas of psychoanalysis, believed that "forbidden" dreams, such as incestuous or criminal dreams, were only a way of doing incestual sex or killing someone without punishment. Moruzzi's coined the name desynchronized sleep, which we prefer, because in humans desynchronization is the main electrophysiological marker of this phase. 133. 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physiological function dream theory