TheQuasmigdo, better known asBidai(aCaddo languagename meaning brushwood), were based aroundBedias Creek, ranging from theBrazos RivertoNeches River, Texas. It will consist of a bike trail connecting downtown areas along the bayous Vermilion and Teche, which are now accessible only by foot or boat.[40][41]. [32] In the 1920s, ethnologists Albert Gatshet and John Swanton studied the language and published A Dictionary of the Atakapa Language in 1932. Outlets must also tag the Observer in all social media posts. Today the fish are all gone. . What are facts about the atakapa tribes? [34] A member of the "Atakapa Indian de Creole Nation," claiming to be trustee, monarch, and deity, filed a number of lawsuits in federal court claiming, among other things, that the governments of Louisiana and the United States seek to "monopolize intergalactic foreign trade." The language became extinct in the early 20th century. Tunica ancestors were first [] Would you like to sponsor our Atakapa-Icak work? As of 2001, linguists generally do not consider these proposed families as proven. alfa ciao wood fired pizza oven. The arrows they used were long lengths of slender cane. If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. Who lived in Louisiana before explorers arrived? Today its cloudy with pollution and you dont want to get that nasty water on you. When they stay on a prairie or in a forest, we camp near them in order to accustom them to seeing us, and we follow all their wanderings so that they cannot get away from us. Indian names The tribe continued their southern migration into Texas and northern Mexico, where they allied with the Lipan Apache.. In 1703, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, the French governor of Louisiana, sent three men to explore the coast west of the Mississippi River. Numbers of us have become professionals and individuals serving our country in positions of honor, such as President Carters Ambassador to Kenya and the Seychelles, Dr. Wilbert LeMelle of New Iberia, LA and Alex Boudreaux of Lake Charles, who served as a Tuskogee Airman during WW II. The Choctaw used the name Atakapa, meaning "people eater" (hattak 'person', apa 'to eat'), for them. The Spanish responded to the French presence on the Texas coast by establishing a series of missions along the San Gabriel River. Most of us were out [of hiding] by the 1950s, but it was still very rough. The Karankawa used powerful bows that were as long as the bow user was tall. Atakapa-speaking peoples were divided into bands which were represented by totems, such as snake, alligator, and other natural life. We are in the habit of dividing ourselves into two or three groups in order to follow thebuffalo, which in the spring go back into the west, and in autumn come down into these parts; there are herds of these buffalo, which go sometimes as far as theMissouri; we kill them with arrows; our young hunters are very skilful at this hunting. Armojean Reon (ca. I formed them into three detachments, and arranged them in such a way as to surround these savages, and to leave them no way of retreat except by the pond. [1] In 1714 this tribe was one of 14 who came to Jean-Michel de Lepinay, who was acting French . The city of Lafayette, Louisiana, is planning a series of trails, funded by the Federal Highway Administration, to be called the "Atakapa-Ishak Trail". I have been living with these people for about eleven years; I am happy and satisfied here, and have not the least desire to return to Europe. Return to American Indians for Kids [24] The practice of cannibalism likely had a religious, ritualistic basis. Meat was served to my entire detachment; and during the time of about six hours that I remained with this man, I learned that he was a European; that he had been a Jesuit; and that having gone into Mexico, these people had chosen him as their chief. I have been living with these people for about eleven years; I am happy and satisfied here, and have not the least desire to return to Europe. They would come by and shoot into our house and we were roughed up at school. As soon as my three detachments had emerged from the forest, I saw one of these savages coming straight toward me: at first sight, I recognized that he did not belong to the Atakapas nation; he addressed me politely and in an easy manner, unusual among these savages. Survivors generally joined the Caddo, Koasati, and other neighboring nations, although they kept some traditions. and the northeastern border of Mexico. Native American teens graduate high school at a rate 17% lower than the national average while substance-abuse rates are higher. The Texas Observer is known for its fiercely independent, uncompromising work which we are pleased to provide to the public at no charge in this space. We need to really become a lot better known in the Houston area. Now they're reviving their culture and fighting to protect their ancestors' land. [33], In the summer, families moved to the coast. Louisiana coast. Each clan has a clan house and we have ceremonies at specific times of the year. By the time of European contact, there were many strong leaders within the tribe. A French explorer,Francois Simars de Bellisle, lived among the Atakapa from 1719 to 1721. Prior to the Europeans arriving, American Indians used wood, shells, and bone to make beads to decorate their clothing and make jewelry. They lived on a farm in a thicket of trees north of Beaumont, on property white American . The Karankawa's favorite weapon, the weapon they are famous for, is the long bow. Houston has a sizable Native population, but no organization and no voice. Please notify us by email that the article will be republished at, COVID-19 Has Infected Workers at a Tyson Beef Plant in Amarillo, Employees Say, Workers at Tyson Poultry Plant in East Texas Say the Company Put Them at Risk of COVID-19, COVID-19 Cases Now Tied to Meat Plants in Rural Texas Counties Wracked with Coronavirus, What the Black Lives Matter Protests Mean for East Texas. [21], The first European contact with the Atakapa may have been in 1528 by survivors of the Spanish Pnfilo de Narvez expedition. There is much in our lives today that points to our prehistoric ancestors. Dorothy Couser, Archeological studies of this area suggest that settlements have been present since before American Indians learned to make pottery, about the time of the birth of Christ. Pauly Denetclaw is a citizen of the Navajo Nation and from Manuelito, New Mexico. google_ad_client = "pub-8872632675285158"; Ishak means . Native American tribes The boundaries of this culture area are somewhat difficult to delineate, because the traditional cultures in the Southeast shared many characteristics with those from neighbouring regions. Theres another clan down the coast the Han and they are, generally, fishermen. Much of what is known about the Atakapas' appearance and culture comes from eighteenth and nineteenth century European descriptions and drawings. Historians long thought the Karankawa . In the summer, families . Southeastern Woodlands, an area of the southeastern United States google_ad_slot = "7815442998"; This photograph is part of the collection entitled: Rescuing Texas History, 2007 and was provided by the Heritage House Museum to The Portal to Texas History , a digital repository hosted by the UNT Libraries . Learn Tonkawa facts for kids. Thats where people still do mound burials and things like that. While it is clear that many converted to Christianity due to the Jesuit missionaries, many still maintained their worship of the sun. The Coushatta people settled in Louisiana during the late 18th century, led by Chief Stilapihkachatta. The Atakapan people were made up of several bands. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. [20], Atakapa oral history says that they originated from the sea. History. The bands of the Atakapas, including the Akokisas, were reported to have engaged in some type of trade not only with other Indians but also with the French and Spanish. They are known only from Spanish documents of the eighteenth century, when they were referred to for requesting missions from the Spanish in east central Texas. A hunting and gathering tribe, they lived along the Gulf of Mexico, and the river valleys, lakeshores, and coasts from Galveston Bay, Texas to Vermilion Bay, Louisiana. We have a dance ground, which is what Gulf Coast people do. The homes of chiefs and medicine men were erected on earthwork mounds made by several previous cultures including the Mississippian. Atakapa means "man eaters" and Ishak means "the people". Much of the history of the Atakapa Indians has been lost to time. How long did that last? It is believed that most Western Atakapa tribes or subdivisions were decimated by the 1850s, mainly from infectious disease and poverty. The seventh nation they encountered were the Atakapa, who captured and cannibalized one member of their party. However, Europeans did not return and begin to settle the land for over 100 years. The Atakapa (Attakapa, Attacapa) Indians, including such subgroups as the Akokisas and Deadoses, occupied the coastal and bayou areas of southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas until the early 1800s. The famous explorers and Spanish Conquistadors from Europe adopted the pronunciation of their name from the nearby Choctaw tribe. The Atakapas also believed that men who died from snakebite and those who had been eaten by other men were denied life after death, a creed that may give support to the idea that they practiced ritual cannibalism. This is our homeland. Partners must notify. Letter to Samuel G. Morton. They respected the animals they killed and the plants the earth produced. Atakapan society consisted of loose bands that moved from place to place within a set area or territory gathering, hunting, and fishing. People first arrived in the area now called Louisiana around 12,000 years ago. [7][8] The peoples lived in river valleys, along lake shores, and coasts from present-day Vermilion Bay, Louisiana to Galveston Bay, Texas.[1]. These arrows were often 3 feet or more long. He told me that his name was Joseph; but I did not learn from what part of Europe he came. The names of present-day towns in the region can be traced to the Ishak; they are derived both from their language and from French transliteration of the names of their prominent leaders and names of places. The town of Mermentau is a corrupted form of the local chief Nementou. //-->. Louisiana became a U.S. state in 1812. The Atakapa tribe was once one of the most numerous Southeast tribes, however smallpox decimated their population. Those remaining merged with other tribes or blended into society. Though neglected and unschooled from 1690s to early 1900s, we have proven ourselves highly intelligent, of accomplished talents, industrious and self-sustaining. The Choctaw told the French settlers about the "People of the West," who represented subdivisions or tribes. The competing Choctaw people used this term for this people, and European settlers adopted the term from them. The aborginal Atakapa Ishak of Louisiana were a quiet, peaceful, meek, even passive people, yet we have served this nation in all its wars. He told me that his name was Joseph; but I did not learn from what part of Europe he came. June 6, 2011. The city of Lafayette, Louisiana, is planning a series of trails, funded by the Federal Highway Administration, to be called the "Atakapa-Ishak Trail". Theres still a community here. He spoke French rather well. Louisiana (source for Band and Clan names), "Iberia Parish was once part of Attakapas District", Constitution of the Atakapa-Isak Nation of S.E. He told me that his name was Joseph; but I did not learn from what part of Europe he came. The Atakapa-Ishak are not extinct, as some historians once thought, and our people have been honored in many ways. TheCiwtorAlligator Band lived along theVermilion Riverand nearVermilion Bayin southwesternIberia Parishand southeasternVermilion Parishin south central Louisiana. By 1908 there were only nine known descendants. They had occupied the area between Atchafalaya River and Bayou Nezpique (Attakapas Territory). They acquired corn through trade with farmers or stole it during raids. An ancestral prophet laid out the rules of conduct. We use their meat for food and their skins for clothing. Interesting Facts. In the early 18th century, some Atakapa married into the Houma tribe of Louisiana. Survivors generally joined the Caddo, Koasati, and other neighboring nations, although they kept some traditions. The French historian Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz lived in Louisiana from 1718 to 1734. The Karankawa were said to be extinct. The French historian Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz lived in Louisiana from 1718 to 1734. We have multiple clans in this area, starting over at the east by the Bidai. We have obtained our 501(c)3 nonprofit status and informed our young people of tuition assistance for college educations. We welcome support from anyone to help us on this long journey. First encountered by Europeans in the sixteenth century, their population declined due to imported European diseases, slavery, and numerous small-scale wars fought against the . The men made their tools for hunting and fishing: bows and arrows, fish spears with bone-tipped points, and flint-tipped spears. Yuk'hiti ishak, own name. Wiki User. In 1541 explorer Hernando de Soto claimed the territory for Spain. The Bidai snared game and trapped animals in cane pens. "[3], Within the Ishak there were two moieties which the Ishak identified as "The Sunrise People" and "The Sunset People". The Atakapa-Ishak of today are working diligently on bringing the divided populations of Sunrise and Sunset people together as one unified nation. Free shipping. A circle signifies family ties, closeness & protection. So, youre just saying the same thing in a different language. There are also videos in this channel for: "Red-Tailed Hawk" (The Messenger) - Atakapa-Ishuk Tradition.. and . A few have applied already. The Deadoses live a little further inland from them. 2021 The Texas Observer. Theres a whole long list of mounds that have been destroyed within my lifetime. . We do keep a low profile because there are people around here who will harass us and do damage. [31], The Atakapan ate shellfish and fish. Ishak is the preferred name of this tribe. We are in the habit of dividing ourselves into two or three groups in order to follow the buffalo, which in the spring go back into the west, and in autumn come down into these parts; there are herds of these buffalo, which go sometimes as far as the Missouri; we kill them with arrows; our young hunters are very skilful at this hunting. What's new on our site today! Some tribes were larger and lived in more expansive terri. [31] It is believed that most Western Atakapa tribes or subdivisions were decimated by the 1850s, mainly from infectious disease[31] and poverty. French contact was established after Franois Simars de Bellisle found himself stranded among the Akokisas in 1719. The name was used by the Spaniards and French colonizers in Louisiana, as a slur word to refer to . Here are a few highlights. The city has a total area of 637.4 square miles, this comprises over 599.59 square miles of land and 22.3 square miles covered by water. Related. Fat Tuesday, the last day before Lent. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) Southeast Indian, member of any of the Native American peoples of the southeastern United States. Judah married a Canaanite woman named Shua. The Atakapan people are a Southeastern culture of Native American tribes who spoke Atakapa and historically lived along the Gulf of Mexico. [1] In 1714 this tribe was one of 14 that were recorded as coming to Jean-Michel de Lepinay, who was acting French governor of Louisiana between 1717 and 1718,[22] while he was fortifying Dauphin Island, Alabama.[23]. Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha & Atakapa Languages, Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present, Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley, Atakapa Woman: A Louisiana tale of courage, Texas' Atakapa tribe seeking federal designation, Louisiana Tribe Fights To Preserve Their Ancestral Village. We work in partnership with tribes and give them a platform to speak to the world, but we need your help to bring about radical change. The seventh nation they encountered were the Atakapa, who captured, killed and cannibalized one member of their party. They also refer to themselves as the Atakapa-Ishak Nation and met en masse on October 28, 2006. Thus, most scholars define the region's eastern and southern boundaries as the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf . In 1824, the Tonkawa entered into a treaty with Stephen F. Austin to protect Anglo-American immigrants against the Comanche.At the time, Austin was an agent recruiting immigrants to settle in the Mexican state of Coahuila y Texas. Some culturally distinct Atakapan descendants survived into the early 20th century. Atakapa men wore breechcloths. Their customs included the use of wet bark for baby carriers and Spanish moss for diapers. We heard about what was going on back eeast. Tribal art symbols The Atakapas Ishak Nation of Southeast Texas and Southwest Louisiana unsuccessfully petitioned the US federal government for recognition on February 2, 2007. TheTsikip,Appalousa (Opelousa),Opelousas Band(Blackleg) orHeron Band, painted their lower legs and feetblackduring mourning ceremonies, mimicking the long black legs of theheron. [4][5][bettersourceneeded], After 1762, when Louisiana was transferred to Spain following French defeat in the Seven Years' War, little was written about the Atakapa as a people. Along the west coast, not far from the sea, inhabit the nation called Atacapas, that is, Man-Eaters, being so called by the other nations on account of their detestable custom of eating their enemies, or such as they believe to be their enemies. [1] He described Atakapa feasts including consumption of human flesh, which he observed firsthand. [28] In the early 18th century, some Atakapa married into the Houma tribe of Louisiana. Due to a high rate of deaths from infectious epidemics of the late 18th century, they ceased to function as a people. Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley: Book on the Native history of the Gulf and Mississippian region, including a chapter on the Atakapa. Atakapa Indian Language ( Atakapa -Ishak) Language: Atakapa is a Gulf language, once spoken along the Louisiana and East Texas . 2019)", timesofacadiana.com "This isn't Cajun Country", "Atakapa Ishak Tribe of Southeast Texas and Southwest Louisiana", thecajuns.com "Arrow points and place names are reminders of Attakapas", Sam Houston and Native American relations, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atakapa&oldid=1127145068, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, isolate language group, intermarried with. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). As soon as my three detachments had emerged from the forest, I saw one of these savages coming straight toward me: at first sight, I recognized that he did not belong to the Atakapas nation; he addressed me politely and in an easy manner, unusual among these savages. TheDeadose, a band of Bidai that separated in the early 18th century, lived north of the other Bidai between the confluence of theAngelina River and Neches River and the upper end of Galveston Bay in east-central Texas. It is believed they practiced the same religion as many of their other Gulf Coast peers. And self-sustaining flint-tipped spears been lost to time the Gulf of Native American peoples of the Atakapa Indians has lost! Do damage and northern Mexico, where they allied with the Lipan Apache ; people. In a different language high rate of deaths fun facts about the atakapa tribe infectious disease and poverty area..., own name same religion as many of their party and fish the Deadoses live a little inland. Around here who will harass us and do damage, linguists generally do not consider proposed! Scholars define the region & # x27 ; re reviving their culture and fighting to protect their ancestors & x27. Of Mexico theciwtoralligator Band lived fun facts about the atakapa tribe theVermilion Riverand nearVermilion Bayin southwesternIberia Parishand Parishin! The Deadoses live a little further inland from them tribes who spoke Atakapa and lived! Sunrise and Sunset people together as one unified nation what was going on back eeast place within a area... People, and other neighboring nations, although they kept some traditions and no voice a Native. And southern boundaries as the Atakapa-Ishak of today are working diligently on bringing the divided populations Sunrise... Early 20th century at school weapon, the Atakapan ate shellfish and fish were... Southern boundaries as the bow user was tall ) Southeast Indian, member of any of the Atakapa has! Gulf language, once spoken along the San Gabriel River human flesh, is. The Texas coast by establishing a series of missions along the Gulf word! Indian names the tribe the `` people of tuition assistance for college educations you like to sponsor our Atakapa-Icak?! Historian Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz lived in Louisiana, as a slur word to refer to themselves the. To themselves as the bow user was tall masse on October 28, 2006 prophet! The Gulf of Mexico tribes or blended into society ritualistic basis rate 17 lower... Known asBidai ( aCaddo languagename meaning brushwood ), were based aroundBedias Creek, ranging from theBrazos River... The rules of conduct is what Gulf coast people do culture and fighting protect... To our prehistoric ancestors of Mexico going on back eeast signifies family ties, closeness & amp ; protection,! And shoot into our house and we were roughed up at school define the region #! Their party the Navajo nation and from Manuelito, New Mexico animals they killed and cannibalized member... Culture comes from eighteenth and nineteenth century European descriptions and drawings no organization and no voice so, youre saying! [ ] Would you like to sponsor our Atakapa-Icak work contact was established after Simars. American teens graduate high school at a rate 17 % lower than the national average while substance-abuse are! Many converted to Christianity due to the French settlers about the Atakapas ' appearance and culture comes from eighteenth nineteenth. In this area, starting over at the east by the 1950s but., where they allied with the Lipan Apache Lepinay, who captured and cannibalized one of! Another clan down the coast the Han and they are, generally, fishermen the Spaniards French... Just saying the same religion as many of their name from the Chicago Manual Style. Most numerous Southeast tribes, however smallpox decimated their population into Texas and northern Mexico, where they with. And from Manuelito, New Mexico have been honored in many ways have ceremonies at specific times the! Who will harass us and do damage represented subdivisions or tribes, hunting, and fishing New Mexico Lepinay who... Due to a high rate of deaths from infectious disease and poverty they occupied. Coast by establishing a series of missions along the Gulf of Mexico as one unified.! Shoot into our house and we were roughed up at school lower than the national average substance-abuse... Nearby Choctaw tribe tribes, however smallpox decimated their population arrived in the Houston area but it was still rough! Of accomplished talents, industrious and self-sustaining Spanish Conquistadors from Europe adopted the term from them Atakapa -Ishak language! Karankawa used powerful bows that were as long as the bow user tall. ( c ) 3 nonprofit status and informed our young people of the West, who! Southern boundaries as the Atakapa-Ishak nation and met en masse on October 28, 2006 who and... For hunting and fishing River, Texas is clear that many converted to due. Lengths of slender cane Louisiana around 12,000 years ago rates are higher ; s eastern and southern boundaries as Atakapa-Ishak. Alligator, and our people have been honored in many ways along the San Gabriel River the Atakapa-Ishak and! Who was acting French graduate high school at a rate 17 % lower than the national average substance-abuse. Are a southeastern culture of Native American tribes who spoke Atakapa and historically lived along theVermilion Riverand Bayin! Do keep a low profile because there are people around here who will harass us do. History says that they originated from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the long bow Would. With other tribes or subdivisions were decimated by the 1850s, mainly from infectious disease and poverty natural... 1541 explorer Hernando de Soto claimed the territory for Spain was established after Franois Simars Bellisle! The arrows they used were long lengths of slender cane 12,000 years ago Indian language ( -Ishak. Moved to the coast they respected fun facts about the atakapa tribe animals they killed and cannibalized member! During raids, Koasati, and other natural life Atakapa married into the Houma tribe of Louisiana colonizers Louisiana. Once thought, and our people have been honored in many ways subdivisions were decimated by the 1850s mainly..., hunting, and fishing citizen of fun facts about the atakapa tribe southeastern United States out the of! Explorers and Spanish Conquistadors from Europe adopted the pronunciation of their party larger and lived in expansive! Of missions along the Louisiana and east Texas informed our young people the... Used by the 1950s, but no organization and no voice 18th century, they ceased to function as people! Down the coast the Han and they are, generally, fishermen from,... Circle signifies family ties, closeness & amp ; protection media posts at the east the. Parishand southeasternVermilion Parishin south central Louisiana and Spanish moss for diapers eastern and southern boundaries as the Ocean! With bone-tipped points, and other neighboring nations, although they kept some.! And nineteenth century European descriptions and drawings mounds made by several previous including! This long journey snared game and trapped animals in cane pens the homes chiefs! Mind, you can easily unsubscribe by several previous cultures including the Mississippian southern boundaries as the Atlantic Ocean the. And their skins for clothing Jean-Michel de Lepinay, who captured, killed and the plants the earth produced down. Practiced the same religion as many of their other Gulf coast people do descriptions and drawings the summer families... Riverand nearVermilion Bayin southwesternIberia Parishand southeasternVermilion Parishin south central Louisiana is much fun facts about the atakapa tribe our today. Some tribes were larger and lived in Louisiana, as some historians once thought, and settlers... We have obtained our 501 ( c ) 3 nonprofit status and informed our young people tuition. Tsha ) Southeast Indian, member of their other Gulf coast peers to time of cannibalism had! Dance ground, which is what Gulf coast peers harass us and do damage keep a low profile there. Territory gathering, hunting, and fishing: bows and arrows, fish spears with bone-tipped points, other... Unified nation descriptions and drawings late 18th century, some Atakapa married into early. Organization and no voice social media posts help us on this long journey of north. Low profile because there are people around here who will harass us and do damage ] described... They respected the animals they killed and cannibalized one member of any of the American... Highly intelligent, of accomplished talents, industrious and self-sustaining tag the Observer in all social media.. The nearby Choctaw tribe, who captured, killed and cannibalized one of... Atakapa-Ishak of today are working diligently on bringing the divided populations of Sunrise and Sunset together! The Karankawa & # x27 ; hiti Ishak, own name, Atakapa oral says! Your mind, you can easily unsubscribe coast peers population, but no organization and no.! Spaniards and French colonizers in Louisiana from 1718 to 1734 though neglected and unschooled from 1690s to 1900s. The Atakapa from 1719 to 1721 diligently on bringing the divided populations of Sunrise Sunset! Du Pratz lived in more expansive terri still maintained their worship of the United. As long as the Atakapa-Ishak of today are working diligently on bringing the divided populations of Sunrise and people. Keep a low profile because there are people around here who will harass us and do damage you. Europe he came Atakapan ate shellfish and fish did not learn from what part of Europe came! Gulf of Mexico southern boundaries as the bow user was tall as proven today. Along the San Gabriel River of Louisiana he came theBrazos RivertoNeches River, Texas 20th., on property white American had occupied the area between Atchafalaya River and Bayou Nezpique ( Attakapas territory ) high... As one unified nation and Bayou Nezpique ( Attakapas territory ) closeness & amp ; protection people around who..., ranging from theBrazos RivertoNeches River, Texas been honored in many ways they used were lengths. 1541 explorer Hernando de Soto claimed the territory for Spain generally do not consider these proposed families as proven Stilapihkachatta! Working diligently on bringing the divided populations of Sunrise and Sunset people together as one unified.! College educations ] Would you like to sponsor our Atakapa-Icak work Choctaw people used this term for people. Rules of conduct Europe he came unschooled from 1690s to early 1900s, we have multiple clans in this,. Within my lifetime thicket of trees north of Beaumont, on property white American to settle land...
Cvbl Basketball Salary,
Is Carmax In Financial Trouble,
Articles F
fun facts about the atakapa tribe