In the United States, the average ratio of correctional officers to inmates across all states in 2012 was _____. The Wickersham Commission was appointed by President__________________. The HIV care cascade model has been applied to the correctional system in order to identify disparities and improve performance at every stage along the HIV care continuum, from HIV diagnosis to linkage and retention in care to antiretroviral therapy and virologic suppression (Figure 15). Factors that may be considered to increase the culpability of the offender are called? [70,71] Several studies have shown that women have an increased risk of acquiring HIV when they have sex with a male partner with HIV who is released from prison; this appears to be particularly problematic for black women in the South. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Supreme Court has ruled that censorship in prisons is legal only if it furthers one of three substantial government interests. The key to curbing recidivism of people who are mentally ill is to expand_______________into jails and prisons so that inmates can begin therapy the moment they walk into custody? The first written laws of Rome were called? An assault in progress obviously calls for the use of force and/or a retreat by the . [11,42] Several studies evaluating the impact of directly observed antiretroviral therapy in prisons have found that directly observed antiretroviral therapy does not necessarily lead to better medication adherence than self-administration. Time taken off an inmate's sentence for participating in certain activities such as going to school, learning a trade and working inprison is called _____________. The equal-protection clause under the ________ Amendment has led the Supreme Court to forbid racial discrimination and has led state courts to target gender discrimination. A person appointed by the juvenile court to serve as a special guardian for the youth being processed through thejuvenile justice system is called a? As of 2012, unions represented correctional officers in adult institutions in ________ states and the federal system. Prisons have long had the right to provide only the minimal conditions necessary for human survival. [6], In the United States, during the years 1991-2015 the annual number of persons with diagnosed HIV in state or federal prisons ranged from a high of 25,976 in 1998 to a low of 17,146 in 2015; from 1998 to 2015 the number and rate of persons with HIV in state or federal prisons declined (Figure 8). 2.2 Utilitarian Ethics - Ethics in Law Enforcement Prisonization is the process by which new inmates learn about the prison subculture. As a rule, prison inmates are prohibited from practicing either conventional or unconventional religions in prison. Police-Community Relations Toolkit: Policing 101 Inmates skilled in legal matters are known as ________. There are rarely opportunities for educational achievement in prison. At the end of 2012, approximately ________ percent of the people who were employed in adult correctional agencies in the United States were security staff. True or False? [72,73] Therefore, in this setting, it is important to utilize a range of HIV prevention strategies that include keeping released prisoners engaged in medical care, assisting them in taking antiretroviral therapy consistently achieving suppressed HIV RNA levels, identifying and treating sexually transmitted infections (since sexually transmitted infections can increase the risk of HIV transmission to partners), and facilitating the use of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for community serodifferent partners. What items most often assumes the symbolic value of money in the sub-rosa economy of a prison? Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the inmate society in many women's prisons? Suicide in Corrections | National Institute of Corrections Inmates should mind their own affairs and do their own time., Inmates should not inform the prison staff about the illicit activities of other prisoners., Inmates should be indifferent to the prison staff and loyal to other convicts., or Inmates should follow the prison rules and not cause trouble. A due process hearing that must be conducted to determine whether the conditions of probation have been violated is called? [7] Since the state prison population is much larger than the federal prison population, it is not surprising the number of state prisoners with HIV far outnumbers the number in federal prison (Figure 9). (2) Words such as SOMETIMES, MAY, GENERALLY, and POSSIBLY soften a statement and leave more room for the statement to be correct. [11,26] For some inmates with HIV, the correctional setting may be their first engagement in HIV care, and during incarceration substantial gains may be made along all steps in the HIV care cascade, including increasing the percentages of persons taking antiretroviral therapy and achieving virologic suppression. Treating HIV and AIDS in prison is difficult for all but one of the following reasons? The HIV Care Cascade Before, During, and After Incarceration: A Systematic Review and Data Synthesis. As of September 30, 2012, there were about ________ employees of adult correctional agencies in the United States. [7] The relatively high HIV seropositivity rates among incarcerated women has been associated with higher rates of specific HIV risk factors, including past sexual abuse, exchange of sex for drugs or money, multiple sex partners, low rates of condom use, and injection drug use. Further, efforts to cohort HIV-seropositive inmates also have in some cases led to adverse health outcomes, due to close proximity of multiple persons with immune suppression. PDF What Corrections Professionals Can Do to Prevent Suicide The numbers for each year represent a sample taken at one point in time and represent persons with diagnosed HIV. Most systems provide 30 days or less of antiretroviral medications, which is problematic since the wait time for an appointment at many community clinics often exceeds a month. The patterns of behavior expected of correctional staff members in particular jobs are called__________. The rates of inmate suicide are far higher than the national averages, and even higher still for special populations (including juvenile and LGBTI inmates), even corrections officers have a much greater occupational suicide rate. [38] The CDC has released a comprehensive document to guide the implementation of opt-out HIV testing in the correctional setting. "America is the land of the second chance and when the gates of the prison open, the path ahead should lead to a better life", was said by_______________. b. Which of the following statements is true about correctional officers Which of the following is NOT one of these interests? In the case of_______, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to sentence a 15-year-old to death. . Court litigation is a very slow, expensive, and piecemeal way to reform prisons. Cognitive Psychology Overview of Theory. Those officers assigned to security (or gun) towers, wall posts and perimeter patrols are called _____________. The first reformatory for young men opened at ______________. The field of corrections is improving. [9,22,23] A large meta-analysis estimated the incidence of transmission of viral infections within prisons and found rates of 0.08 per 100 person-years with HIV. In some situations, an investigation may involve an external investigator. 120 seconds. Bureau of Justice Statistics: Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. According to the text, which of the following statements about corrections officers' unions is true? Emergency release options for special docket offenders, generally used to relieve prison overcrowding are called? Which of the following statements best describes the term parole? Unions usually put the goals of the institution above the needs of individual officers. Note: the numbers listed do not match the total listed since parolees who were also on probation were not included in the total listed. Directly observed antiretroviral therapy is less convenient, decreases patient control, and may inadvertently jeopardize confidentiality. Diversion has its roots in ________theory. What is described as the secret exchange of goods and services among inmates? The most honorable form of punishment for men was decapitation with a sword. Members shall respect and protect the civil and legal rights of all individuals. Stress to inmates the importance of attending their first scheduled appointment in the community, and the appointment should be as early as possible after release. [3] The total adult population in the correctional system in the United States, including local jails, state prisons, and federal prisons, increased significantly during the 1980s and 1990s (largely as a result of the crackdown on illegal drug use), peaked in 2008, and then leveled off (or slightly decreased) (Figure 4) and (Figure 5). The first legally chartered American custodial institution for juvenile offenders was? The ________ model holds that the inmate society is shaped by factors external to the prison environmentspecifically, the preprison experiences and socialization patterns that inmates bring with them when they enter prison. The court held that a potential juror's mere reservation about the death penalty was insufficient grounds to prevent that person from serving on the jury in a death penalty case in? [11,43] In addition, directly observed antiretroviral therapy in the corrections setting does not empower inmates to develop the discipline and habits for eventually taking antiretroviral medications on their ownskills they will need in the community. In addition to charging inmates housing and medical co-pay fees as a way to offset jail operations, some jurisdictions have added pay-to-stay jails. At the end of 2012, about ________ percent of the security staff in state correctional agencies were male. HIV-positive inmates working in the kitchen. D. Some officers adopt a human-services orientation toward their work. Criminologists Richard Hawkins and Geoffrey Alpert identified four general ways in which correctional officers respond to their jobs. Because of limited access to HIV specialists, some prison systems have attempted to cohort persons with HIV in one or two facilities that have the easiest access to the specialists they needed. Source: Maruschak LM, Bronson J. HIV in Prisons, 2015Statistical Tables. Treatment by experts in HIV medicine is strongly correlated with better medical outcomes, so one solution to the knowledge gap has been to introduce HIV subspecialty care to the prison setting through telemedicine. The estimated national cost per year to confine an inmate over 55 years old is? A committment to a set of agreed-upon values aimed at the improvement of the organization while maintaining the highest standards of excellence is called? [26,30] Release from prison has been associated with increases in HIV RNA levels and decreased CD4 counts, which reflect some of the challenges with engaging in medical care and adhering to antiretroviral therapy while trying to reintegrate into society. April 26, 2018. January 2009:1-28. For persons with HIV, the community or parole officer can often play a key role in keeping an individual engaged in care. [10] Unfortunately, few correctional facilities currently offer medication-assisted treatment for opioid addiction, and many inmates continue to use illicit drugs while incarcerated if they are able to access the drugs. The ________ is a theory that states that the inmate society arises as a response to the prison environment and the painful conditions of confinement. Late in a basketball game, a team often intentionally fouls an opposing player in order to stop the game clock. The Auburn system was also known as the __________. that an officer had to run to a squad car for a chain cutter. [7], The higher prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) within correctional facilities can partially be explained by the high percentage of inmates with a history of injection drug use. Which of the following statements is true about the Pennsylvania system of confinement? The correctional officer that believes that close association with inmates will make it easier to control the inmates is called a ___________. The American correctional Association expects of its members unfailing honesty, respect for the dignity and individuality of human beings and a commitment to professional and compassionate service. Court will convene at 9:30 a.m. A place where the same people work, eat, sleep and engage in recreation together day after day is called? The prison population is higher today in the United States than at any time in our history. At least_________ percent of the inmates who enter prisons eventually return to the community. Which of the following is NOT one of them? The Panopticon was designed to allow prison staff to observe inside each______. The country of_______was known for burning people alive. [17] Transgender women, in particular, have relatively higher rates of HIV and incarceration. Find state Departments of Corrections for information about state and local prisons and prisoners held in these facilities. Parole and probation, taken together with other forms of non-prison sanctions, are called community corrections. Psychology - What is Psychology? Unfortunately, this practice limits inmates with HIV from transferring to facilities that may have unique work or school programs, and may result in persons with HIV being imprisoned far from visitors, thereby limiting or preventing visitations. Which of the following is NOT one of those ways? A. a type of sentence in which the offender must submit to intensive supervision in lieu of imprisonment, A. an opportunity to confront and cross-examine people who testify against them. Supervise the Activities of Inmates: Correctional officers supervise the daily activities of inmates, ensuring that inmates obey the rules. Correctional Institutions | Bureau of Justice Statistics Many prison movies have been made in recent years. In 2006 the State of __________ had the highest incidence of AIDS related deaths in its prison population? Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes : Online Sunshine The power, right or authority of a court to interpret and apply the law is called? Source: Carson EA. Indeed, for some individuals, the structured environment of incarceration may lead to better adherence to antiretroviral treatment than with their adherence in a community setting, regardless of how the medications are dispensed.
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which of the following statements is true about correctional officers?